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Whiteboard animation video is the perfect choice for many businesses and marketing campaigns. Whiteboard animation has become hugely popular as companies realise it provides an engaging way of delivering messages and ideas that stand out from other promotional materials. Whiteboard animation is also an excellent way of advertising during festivals, conferences and events, helping build brand recognition with a limited budget. It's no longer just a novelty: Whiteboard animation can be described as: Hand drawing (or hand drawing and animation) on a whiteboard. Whiteboard animation video includes everything from: presentation slide shows, storyboards and demonstrations - all featuring animated video and/or text. This enables you to present information in a more engaging way, with less effort and less time. Whiteboard animation provides a highly interactive way of sharing your information with viewers. Whiteboard animation videos assist in presenting ideas, concepts and goals in a mor...

938.272 088 16 (29) MeV/ c 2 1.521 032 202 30 (46) × 10−3 μ B A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p + , with a positive electric charge of +1 e elementary charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei). One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom; they are a necessary part of the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as the atomic number (represented by the symbol Z ). Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number. The word proton is Greek for "first", and this name was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. In previous years, Rutherford had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted fr...

Nuclear physics Nucleus  · Nucleons (p, n)  · Nuclear matter  · Nuclear force  · Nuclear structure  · Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop  · Nuclear shell model  · Interacting boson model  · Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes – equal Z Isobars – equal A Isotones – equal N Isodiaphers – equal N  −  Z      Isomers – equal all the above Mirror nuclei – Z ↔ N Stable  · Magic  · Even/odd  · Halo (Borromean) Nuclear stability Binding energy  · p–n ratio  · Drip line  · Island of stability  · Valley of stability  · Stable nuclide Radioactive decay Alpha α  · Beta β (2β, β+)  · K/L capture  · Isomeric (Gamma γ  · Internal conversion)  · Spontaneous fission  · Cluster decay  · Neutron emission  · Proton emission Decay energy  · Decay chain  · Decay product  · Radiogenic nuclide Nuclear fission Spontaneous  · Products (pair breaking)  · Photofission Capturing processes electron (2×)  · neutron (s  · r)  · proton (p  · rp...

The concept of a hydrogen-like particle as a constituent of other atoms was developed over a long period. As early as 1815, William Prout proposed that all atoms are composed of hydrogen atoms (which he called "protyles"), based on a simplistic interpretation of early values of atomic weights (see Prout's hypothesis), which was disproved when more accurate values were measured.: 39–42 In 1886, Eugen Goldstein discovered canal rays (also known as anode rays) and showed that they were positively charged particles (ions) produced from gases. However, since particles from different gases had different values of charge-to-mass ratio (e/m), they could not be identified with a single particle, unlike the negative electrons discovered by J. J. Thomson. Wilhelm Wien in 1898 identified the hydrogen ion as the particle with the highest charge-to-mass ratio in ionized gases. Following the discovery of the atomic nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, Antonius van den Broek proposed t...

Unsolved problem in physics : Are protons fundamentally stable? Or do they decay with a finite lifetime as predicted by some extensions to the standard model? (more unsolved problems in physics) The free proton (a proton not bound to nucleons or electrons) is a stable particle that has not been observed to break down spontaneously to other particles. Free protons are found naturally in a number of situations in which energies or temperatures are high enough to separate them from electrons, for which they have some affinity. Free protons exist in plasmas in which temperatures are too high to allow them to combine with electrons. Free protons of high energy and velocity make up 90% of cosmic rays, which propagate in vacuum for interstellar distances. Free protons are emitted directly from atomic nuclei in some rare types of radioactive decay. Protons also result (along with electrons and antineutrinos) from the radioactive decay of free neutrons, which are unstable. The spontaneous d...

In quantum chromodynamics, the modern theory of the nuclear force, most of the mass of protons and neutrons is explained by special relativity. The mass of a proton is about 80–100 times greater than the sum of the rest masses of the quarks that make it up, while the gluons have zero rest mass. The extra energy of the quarks and gluons in a region within a proton, as compared to the rest energy of the quarks alone in the QCD vacuum, accounts for almost 99% of the mass. The rest mass of a proton is, thus, the invariant mass of the system of moving quarks and gluons that make up the particle, and, in such systems, even the energy of massless particles is still measured as part of the rest mass of the system. Two terms are used in referring to the mass of the quarks that make up protons: current quark mass refers to the mass of a quark by itself, while constituent quark mass refers to the current quark mass plus the mass of the gluon particle field surrounding the quark.: 285–286 : 150...

This section needs to be updated . The reason given is: as reported in Science , the proton radius puzzle has possibly been solved. A new measurement using the Lamb shift in ordinary hydrogen agrees with that using muonic hydrogen.. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( September 2019 ) The problem of defining a radius for an atomic nucleus (proton) is similar to the problem of atomic radius, in that neither atoms nor their nuclei have definite boundaries. However, the nucleus can be modeled as a sphere of positive charge for the interpretation of electron scattering experiments: because there is no definite boundary to the nucleus, the electrons "see" a range of cross-sections, for which a mean can be taken. The qualification of "rms" (for "root mean square") arises because it is the nuclear cross-section, proportional to the square of the radius, which is determining for electron scattering. The internati...

Although protons have affinity for oppositely charged electrons, this is a relatively low-energy interaction and so free protons must lose sufficient velocity (and kinetic energy) in order to become closely associated and bound to electrons. High energy protons, in traversing ordinary matter, lose energy by collisions with atomic nuclei, and by ionization of atoms (removing electrons) until they are slowed sufficiently to be captured by the electron cloud in a normal atom. However, in such an association with an electron, the character of the bound proton is not changed, and it remains a proton. The attraction of low-energy free protons to any electrons present in normal matter (such as the electrons in normal atoms) causes free protons to stop and to form a new chemical bond with an atom. Such a bond happens at any sufficiently "cold" temperature (i.e., comparable to temperatures at the surface of the Sun) and with any type of atom. Thus, in interaction with any type of norm...

Atomic number edit In chemistry, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic number, which determines the chemical element to which the atom belongs. For example, the atomic number of chlorine is 17; this means that each chlorine atom has 17 protons and that all atoms with 17 protons are chlorine atoms. The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the number of (negatively charged) electrons, which for neutral atoms is equal to the number of (positive) protons so that the total charge is zero. For example, a neutral chlorine atom has 17 protons and 17 electrons, whereas a Cl− anion has 17 protons and 18 electrons for a total charge of −1. All atoms of a given element are not necessarily identical, however. The number of neutrons may vary to form different isotopes, and energy levels may differ, resulting in different nuclear isomers. For example, there are two stable isotopes of chlorine: 35 17 Cl with 35 − 17 = 18 neutrons and 37 17 Cl with 37 − ...

The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages (ALSEP) determined that more than 95% of the particles in the solar wind are electrons and protons, in approximately equal numbers. Because the Solar Wind Spectrometer made continuous measurements, it was possible to measure how the Earth's magnetic field affects arriving solar wind particles. For about two-thirds of each orbit, the Moon is outside of the Earth's magnetic field. At these times, a typical proton density was 10 to 20 per cubic centimeter, with most protons having velocities between 400 and 650 kilometers per second. For about five days of each month, the Moon is inside the Earth's geomagnetic tail, and typically no solar wind particles were detectable. For the remainder of each lunar orbit, the Moon is in a transitional region known as the magnetosheath, where the Earth's magnetic field affects the solar wind, but does not completely exclude it. In this region, the particle flux is reduced, with typical proton...

CPT-symmetry puts strong constraints on the relative properties of particles and antiparticles and, therefore, is open to stringent tests. For example, the charges of a proton and antiproton must sum to exactly zero. This equality has been tested to one part in 108 . The equality of their masses has also been tested to better than one part in 108 . By holding antiprotons in a Penning trap, the equality of the charge-to-mass ratio of protons and antiprotons has been tested to one part in 6 × 109 . The magnetic moment of antiprotons has been measured with error of 8 × 10−3 nuclear Bohr magnetons, and is found to be equal and opposite to that of a proton.